{"id":24424,"date":"2022-12-20T10:15:34","date_gmt":"2022-12-20T09:15:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/?page_id=24424"},"modified":"2026-03-17T08:24:01","modified_gmt":"2026-03-17T07:24:01","slug":"blood-pressure","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/","title":{"rendered":"Blood pressure"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:36;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure<\/h1><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p><em>Synonyms and acronyms: RR (after the inventor of the blood pressure cuff Scipione Riva-Rocci), vascular pressure.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-font-size:20px;\"><p>Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the circulation of the blood on the vessel walls of the body and lung circulation.<span id='easy-footnote-1-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-24424' title=' Blood pressure, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.pschyrembel.de\/Blutdruck\/T0135\/doc\/&quot;&gt;pschyrembel.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:19.04.2022)&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> In everyday medical practice, this is usually understood to mean the arterial blood pressure of the large arteries.<span id='easy-footnote-2-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-24424' title='Blood pressure, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/flexikon.doccheck.com\/de\/Blutdruck&quot;&gt;flexikon.doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:19.04.2022)&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: 400;&quot;&gt;'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> Along with other vital parameters, blood pressure provides information about a person&#8217;s health. In the long run, high blood pressure in particular can be dangerous to health.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"awb-toc-el awb-toc-el--1\" data-awb-toc-id=\"1\" data-awb-toc-options=\"{&quot;allowed_heading_tags&quot;:{&quot;h2&quot;:0,&quot;h3&quot;:1},&quot;ignore_headings&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;ignore_headings_words&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;enable_cache&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;highlight_current_heading&quot;:&quot;no&quot;,&quot;hide_hidden_titles&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;limit_container&quot;:&quot;all&quot;,&quot;select_custom_headings&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;fa-flag fas&quot;,&quot;counter_type&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\"><div class=\"awb-toc-el__content\"><ul class=\"awb-toc-el__list awb-toc-el__list--0\"><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Overview\">Overview<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Definition_What_is_blood_pressure\">Definition: What is blood pressure?<\/a><ul class=\"awb-toc-el__list awb-toc-el__list--1\"><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Systolic_blood_pressure\">Systolic blood pressure<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Diastolic_blood_pressure\">Diastolic blood pressure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_normal_values_and_deviations\">Blood pressure: normal values and deviations<\/a><ul class=\"awb-toc-el__list awb-toc-el__list--1\"><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_too_high_hypertension\">Blood pressure too high \/ hypertension<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_too_low_low_blood_pressure\">Blood pressure too low \/ low blood pressure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Regulation_of_blood_pressure\">Regulation of blood pressure<\/a><ul class=\"awb-toc-el__list awb-toc-el__list--1\"><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Shortterm_regulation\">Short-term regulation<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Mediumlong_term_regulation\">Medium-long term regulation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_What_does_blood_pressure_say_about_health\">What does blood pressure say about health?<\/a><ul class=\"awb-toc-el__list awb-toc-el__list--1\"><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Influence_of_diseases_on_blood_pressure\">Influence of diseases on blood pressure<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Secondary_side_diseases_due_to_high_blood_pressure\">Secondary \/side diseases due to high blood pressure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_What_influences_blood_pressure\">What influences blood pressure?<\/a><ul class=\"awb-toc-el__list awb-toc-el__list--1\"><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_during_the_course_of_the_day\">Blood pressure during the course of the day<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_in_women_and_men\">Blood pressure in women and men<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_in_babies_and_children\">Blood pressure in babies and children<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_during_pregnancy\">Blood pressure during pregnancy<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_in_old_age\">Blood pressure in old age<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_during_physical_exercise\">Blood pressure during physical exercise<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Other_influences_on_blood_pressure\">Other influences on blood pressure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Measuring_blood_pressure\">Measuring blood pressure<\/a><ul class=\"awb-toc-el__list awb-toc-el__list--1\"><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Why_measuring_blood_pressure_is_important\">Why measuring blood pressure is important<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_How_is_blood_pressure_measured\">How is blood pressure measured?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Indirect_blood_pressure_measurement_according_to_RivaRocci\">Indirect blood pressure measurement according to Riva-Rocci<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Invasive_blood_pressure_measurement\">Invasive blood pressure measurement<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Where_is_blood_pressure_measured\">Where is blood pressure measured?<\/a><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Influences_on_the_measurement\">Influences on the measurement<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Blood_pressure_based_on_PPG\">Blood pressure based on PPG<\/a><ul class=\"awb-toc-el__list awb-toc-el__list--1\"><li class=\"awb-toc-el__list-item\"><a class=\"awb-toc-el__item-anchor\" href=\"#toc_Author_and_reference_information\">Author and reference information<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">Overview<\/h2><\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Unit<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">mmHg (millimetres of mercury)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Normal values<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">&lt; 130\/85 (adults)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Measurement methods<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Invasive or indirect with blood pressure cuff according to Riva-Rocci.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Measurement sites<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">upper arm, wrist, ear, blood vessel (invasive measurement method)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-3 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">Definition: What is blood pressure?<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p>The systolic blood pressure corresponds to the upper blood pressure value (in the above example: 120 mmHg) and indicates the maximum pressure in the heart ejection phase (tension phase = systole).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-4 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Systolic blood pressure<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p>Der systolische Blutdruck entspricht dem oberen Blutdruckwert (im oben genannten Beispiel: 130 mmHg) und zeigt den maximalen Druck in der Herzauswurfphase (Anspannungsphase = Systole) an.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-5 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Diastolic blood pressure<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p>The diastolic blood pressure, on the other hand, corresponds to the lower blood pressure value (in the above example: 80 mmHg) and indicates the minimum pressure in the heart filling phase (relaxation phase = diastole).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-6 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure: normal values and deviations<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p>Depending on age, different blood pressure values are considered &#8220;normal&#8221;. If there are deviations, the systolic and diastolic values are usually either increased or decreased together. However, there can also be a deviation of only one of the two values.<span id='easy-footnote-3-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-24424' title='Blood pressure, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/flexikon.doccheck.com\/de\/Blutdruck&quot;&gt;flexikon.doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:19.04.2022)'><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><p>Table 1: Blood pressure values- reference range:<span id='easy-footnote-4-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-24424' title='Blood pressure,Table 1 &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.pschyrembel.de\/Blutdruck\/T0135\/doc\/&quot;&gt;pschyrembel.de&lt;\/a&gt;(retrieved: 19.04.2022)'><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 15.8798%;\" align=\"left\">Age<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 43.691%;\" align=\"left\">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 39.7425%;\" align=\"left\">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8798%;\" align=\"left\">0 &#8211; 3 months<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.691%;\" align=\"left\">70\u201386<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7425%;\" align=\"left\">\u2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8798%;\" align=\"left\">3\u201312 months<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.691%;\" align=\"left\">86\u201393<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7425%;\" align=\"left\">60\u201362<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8798%;\" align=\"left\">1\u20139 years<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.691%;\" align=\"left\">95\u2013101<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7425%;\" align=\"left\">65\u201369<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8798%;\" align=\"left\">9\u201314 years<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.691%;\" align=\"left\">101\u2013110<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7425%;\" align=\"left\">68\u201374<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8798%;\" align=\"left\">18+ years<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.691%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7425%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8798%;\">optimal<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.691%;\">&lt;120<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7425%;\" align=\"left\">&lt;80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8798%;\">normal<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.691%;\">120\u2013129<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7425%;\">80\u201384<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8798%;\">high normal<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.691%;\">130\u2013139<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 39.7425%;\">85\u201389<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-7 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure too high \/ hypertension<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p>Too high blood pressure is called hypertension.<span id='easy-footnote-5-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-24424' title=' Blood pressure, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/flexikon.doccheck.com\/de\/Blutdruck&quot;&gt;flexikon.doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt;(retrieved:19.04.2022)'><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>According to the European guideline, this is defined as blood pressure values of 140\/ 90 mmHg or higher at rest. Since hypertension is common (average prevalence in adulthood: 50%)<span id='easy-footnote-6-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-24424' title='Arterial Hypertension, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/next.amboss.com\/de\/article\/Xh09cf?q=hypertonie#Z3d73ccc1b405184a8d3087bd8b727eb4&quot;&gt;next.amboss.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:20.04.2022)'><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span> and is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease, it is clinically more relevant than low blood pressure.<span id='easy-footnote-7-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-24424' title='Blood pressure, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/flexikon.doccheck.com\/de\/Blutdruck&quot;&gt;flexikon.doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:19.04.2022)'><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span> What makes the diagnosis and understanding of the disease particularly difficult is that the disease is asymptomatic in patients and is often diagnosed late. Treatment of hypertension is essential, however, because hypertensive crises with systolic blood pressure values &gt; 180-230 mmHg can have serious consequences such as cerebral hemorrhage.<\/p>\n<p>In the long term, multiple end-organ damage such as hypertensive retinopathy (eye), myocardial infarction (heart), stroke (brain) or nephropathy (kidney) can occur. A study conducted by Ebinger J. et al (2022) also showed that the risk of hospitalization is twice as high for hypertensives in the case of infection with the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 despite triple vaccination. It should be emphasized that hypertension alone, without other chronic conditions such as heart failure or diabetes, was responsible for a more severe course of covid-19 in the study.<span id='easy-footnote-8-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-8-24424' title=' Ebinger, Joseph E., et al. &amp;#8220;Hypertension and excess risk for severe COVID-19 illness despite booster vaccination.&amp;#8221; Hypertension 79.10 (2022): e132-e134.'><sup>8<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Both the start of treatment and the setting of the target blood pressure depend on the overall risk assessment. A change in lifestyle is essential for reducing blood pressure: alcohol and nicotine should be avoided as far as possible and in most cases additional weight loss is recommended. Drug therapy (ACE inhibitor\/sartan and diuretic\/calcium antagonist) can also be induced.<span id='easy-footnote-9-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-9-24424' title='Arterial Hypertension, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/next.amboss.com\/de\/article\/Xh09cf?q=hypertonie#Z3d73ccc1b405184a8d3087bd8b727eb4&quot;&gt;next.amboss.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:20.04.2022)'><sup>9<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-8 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure too low \/ low blood pressure<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><p>Blood pressure values below 100\/60 mmHg are considered too low and are called hypotension.<\/p>\n<p>Possible symptoms of hypotension are mainly an increased pulse (tachycardia), dizziness, headache, pallor, involuntary muscle tremor, fatigue, lack of concentration and orthostatic dysregulation. Orthostatic hypotension is manifested by the dropping of blood into the legs when changing posture from lying to standing (orthostasis). The reason for this is that the body&#8217;s nerves cannot maintain the state of tension against gravity.<span id='easy-footnote-10-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-10-24424' title='Hypotension, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/flexikon.doccheck.com\/de\/Hypotonie&quot;&gt;flexikon.doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt;(retrieved: 19.08.2022)'><sup>10<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Low blood pressure mainly affects younger people, especially women. In contrast to hypertension (see above), there is only a need for action such as drug therapy in the case of hypotension if the patient&#8217;s symptoms cause increased suffering. However, since low blood pressure can also be caused by diseases such as heart valve defects, anemia or adrenal dysfunction such as Addison&#8217;s disease, this should also be investigated in the long term. Measures such as sufficient fluid intake (2 &#8211; 2.5 liters per day), alternating showers, sauna sessions, physical training, sufficient night sleep and stays in regions such as the North Sea or the high mountains can help against low blood pressure.<span id='easy-footnote-11-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-11-24424' title='Hypotension, when does low blood pressure become a problem, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.pharmazeutische-zeitung.de\/wann-wird-niedriger-blutdruck-zum-problem-119973\/&quot;&gt;pharmazeutische-zeitung.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:22.08.2022)'><sup>11<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Hypotension can be categorized as follows:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Primary hypotension: idiopathic (with no identifiable cause), in people with slender builds, often occurs along with physical inactivity.<\/li>\n<li>Secondary hypotension: endocrine (related to the endocrine system), cardiovascular, or drug causes (e.g., beta-blocker administration), hypovolemia (volume deficiency), or infection.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-9 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">Regulation of blood pressure<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p>The arterial blood pressure is intended to ensure a constant blood supply to all organs (organ perfusion). For this purpose, the body either makes adjustments to the arterial blood pressure or directly to the blood flow to the target organ.<\/p>\n<p>The regulation of blood pressure takes place in the brain or in the transition to the spinal cord. Here, the formatio reticularis is located in the medulla oblongata. This extensive, diffuse neuron system in the brain stem controls the circulatory system and is in turn controlled by the hypothalamus.<\/p>\n<p>In blood pressure and circulation regulation, a distinction is made between short-, medium- and long-term regulatory mechanisms, which in turn can influence vascular tone (vascular tension).<span id='easy-footnote-12-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-12-24424' title='Circulation regulation, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/next.amboss.com\/de\/article\/po0L1S&quot;&gt;next.amboss.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:24.08.2022)'><sup>12<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-10 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Short-term regulation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><p>The short-term regulation of blood pressure takes place within seconds.<span id='easy-footnote-13-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-13-24424' title='Short-term and long-term blood pressure regulation Thieme, ViaMedici, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/viamedici.thieme.de\/lernmodul\/541186\/530950\/kurz-+und+langfristige+blutdruckregulation&quot;&gt;viamedici.thieme.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 22.08.2022)'><sup>13<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The resistance vessels, capacity vessels and the heart are responsible for this. The heart can change the blood pressure by adjusting the stroke volume<span id='easy-footnote-14-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-14-24424' title='The stroke volume is the amount of blood that flows through the body during a heartbeat.'><sup>14<\/sup><\/a><\/span> and the heart rate.<span id='easy-footnote-15-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-15-24424' title='Circulation regulation, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/next.amboss.com\/de\/article\/po0L1S&quot;&gt;next.amboss.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:24.08.2022)'><sup>15<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In the short term, blood pressure can be regulated by opposing adjustments of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems (see &#8220;The autonomic nervous system&#8221;). For example, if the blood pressure is elevated, the sympathetic nervous system is inhibited and the parasympathetic nervous system is activated. Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to decrease, the vascular tone of the veins to decrease and thus the central blood volume, the filling pressure of the heart and thus the stroke volume also decrease.<span id='easy-footnote-16-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-16-24424' title='Circulation regulation, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.amboss.com\/de\/wissen\/Kreislaufregulation\/#:~:text=Bei%20der%20kurzfristigen%20Blutdruckregulation%20beeinflusst,die%20Widerstands%2D%20und%20Kapazit%C3%A4tsgef%C3%A4%C3%9Fe%20wirkt.&quot;&gt;amboss.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:20.09.2022)'><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The adjustment of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems takes place via pressoreceptors or baroreceptors. They are located in the walls of the blood vessels and continuously register the blood pressure there.<span id='easy-footnote-17-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-17-24424' title='Baroreceptor, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/flexikon.doccheck.com\/de\/Barorezeptor&quot;&gt;flexikon.doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 20.09.2022)'><sup>17<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-11 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Medium-long term regulation<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-12 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\"><ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Renin-Angiontensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><p>When systolic blood pressure falls to 100 mmHg or less, the enzyme renin is released in the kidneys. The enzyme now cleaves a large protein called angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. This in turn is cleaved into angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Stimulated by angiotensin II, vasoconstriction of the arterioles (small arteries) occurs, leading to an increase in blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II releases the hormones ADH from the pituitary gland and aldosterone from the adrenal gland. While the hormones angiotensin II and ADH retain natrium (salt) in the body, aldosterone also increases the excretion of potassium. The higher natrium content leads to the storage of water in the body, which in turn leads to an increase in blood volume in the body and thus to increased blood pressure.<span id='easy-footnote-18-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-18-24424' title='Blood pressure regulation, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.msdmanuals.com\/de-de\/heim\/multimedia\/figure\/regulation-des-blutdrucks-das-renin-angiotensin-aldosteron-system&quot;&gt;msdmanuals.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 22.08.2022)'><sup>18<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>To lower blood pressure, the RAAS system is an ideal target for this reason: On the one hand, the cleavage of angiotensin I to angiotensin II can be pharmacologically influenced by ACE inhibitors. On the other hand, angiotensin II can be inhibited by so-called AT1 receptor antagonists (sartans).<span id='easy-footnote-19-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-19-24424' title=''><sup>19<\/sup><\/a><\/span>Cardiovascular diseases, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amboss.com\/de\/wissen\/Kreislaufregulation\/#:~:text=Bei%20der%20kurzfristigen%20Blutdruckregulation%20beeinflusst,die%20Widerstands%2D%20und%20Kapazit%C3%A4tsgef%C3%A4%C3%9Fe%20wirkt.\">www.amboss.com<\/a> (retrieved: 22.08.2022)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-bg-color:#eaeaea;--awb-bg-color-hover:#eaeaea;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:30px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"Diagram of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system showing hormonal regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance \u2013 including kidney, liver, lungs, angiotensin II, and aldosterone.\" title=\"COS_Illu_Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System_EN_XXXX_V01-\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS_Illu_Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System_EN_XXXX_V01--750x1024.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-24609\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS_Illu_Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System_EN_XXXX_V01--200x273.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS_Illu_Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System_EN_XXXX_V01--400x546.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS_Illu_Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System_EN_XXXX_V01--600x819.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS_Illu_Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System_EN_XXXX_V01--800x1092.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS_Illu_Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System_EN_XXXX_V01--1200x1638.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS_Illu_Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System_EN_XXXX_V01--scaled.jpg 1875w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:4%;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><em>Fig. 1: Simplified schematic of the renin-angiotensin system and its influence on the regulation of blood pressure.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-double\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;border-bottom-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-13 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Gauer-Henry reflex<\/span><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><p>With the Gauer-Henry reflex, the release of the hormone ADH is adapted to the respective blood pressure situation. If the blood pressure rises, the ADH release in the thalamus<span id='easy-footnote-20-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-20-24424' title='Core region of the diencephalon.'><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/span> is inhibited and as a result the kidney excretes more water.<br \/>\nIf the blood pressure is too low, the mechanism works analogously in reverse.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-14 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Atrial dilatation reflex (using ANP)<\/span><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><p>The Gauer-Henry reflex influences the excretion of water from the kidneys in relation to the blood level of the heart. When the body volume is too high, the blood volume in the atria increases and is thus passively dilated. The reflex is mediated by B-sensors, which are called stretch sensors. If atrial dilation is increased, blood pressure is lowered by the release of the hormone ANP, which is produced in the heart. If more ANP is released, the kidney excretes more natrium and water and the parasympathetic tone is promoted while the sympathetic tone is inhibited.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-15 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">What does blood pressure say about health?<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><p>Along with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/body-temperature\/\">body temperature<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/oxygen-saturation\/\">blood oxygen saturation<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/pulse-rate\/\">heart rate<\/a>, blood pressure is another important vital sign that helps to gain an even deeper insight into a person&#8217;s health. Deviations from the normal values, especially if they deviate significantly upwards, are often the cause of many cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and thus represent a major risk factor for health. But even a very low blood pressure can provide information about the current state of health.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-16 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Influence of diseases on blood pressure<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><p>Underlying diseases of the kidneys, thyroid or blood vessels can be the cause of high blood pressure in 10-15% of hypertensive patients. One of the causes, for example, is primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn&#8217;s syndrome). The body, or more precisely the adrenal gland, releases too much aldosterone here, which leads to an accumulation of water and sodium and thus to increased blood pressure.<span id='easy-footnote-21-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-21-24424' title=' Hypertension causes, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.visomat.de\/bluthochdruck-ursachen\/&quot;&gt;visomat.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 02.09.2022)'><sup>21<\/sup><\/a><\/span> A study conducted in 2016 showed that 6% of the subjects with hypertension had Conn&#8217;s syndrome.<span id='easy-footnote-22-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-22-24424' title='Monticone, Silvia, et al. &amp;#8220;Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice.&amp;#8221; Journal of the American College of Cardiology 69.14 (2017): 1811-1820.'><sup>22<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Hyperthyroidism can also be responsible for high blood pressure. Another relevant factor in the development of hypertension is sleep apnoea syndrome, which is associated with nocturnal breathing pauses. It is reassuring to know that successful treatment of the underlying diseases can also treat hypertension.<\/p>\n<p>There may also be a genetic predisposition to high blood pressure: In this case, there is an increased incidence of high blood pressure in the family and risk factors for high blood pressure are increased as a result.<span id='easy-footnote-23-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-23-24424' title='Hypertension causes, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.visomat.de\/bluthochdruck-ursachen\/&quot;&gt;visomat.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 02.09.2022)'><sup>23<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-17 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Secondary \/side diseases due to high blood pressure<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><p>High blood pressure is an important risk factor for the development of many diseases or complications such as end organ damage.<span id='easy-footnote-24-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-24-24424' title='Secondary diseases hypertension, &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/www.gesundheits-lexikon.com\/Herz-Kreislauf-Gefaesse\/Bluthochdruck-Hypertonie\/Folgeerkrankungen.html&quot;&gt;gesundheits-lexikon.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 02.09.2022)'><sup>24<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\nSome of the diseases are listed below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Diseases of the eye:\n<ul>\n<li>Retinopathy (retinal disease that can severely affect vision)<\/li>\n<li>Blindness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cardiovascular diseases:\n<ul>\n<li>Stroke<\/li>\n<li>Aortic aneurysm<\/li>\n<li>Heart failure<\/li>\n<li>Dementia<\/li>\n<li>Arteriosclerosis<\/li>\n<li>Coronary heart disease<\/li>\n<li>Cerebral hemorrhage<\/li>\n<li>Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (occlusion of arm or leg arteries, usually due to arteriosclerosis)<\/li>\n<li>Heart attack<\/li>\n<li>Cardiac arrhythmia with ventricular extrasystoles<span id='easy-footnote-25-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-25-24424' title='Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM et al.: Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham Heart Study. &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8114238?dopt=Abstract&quot;&gt;JAMA 1994; 271(11):840-844 &lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>25<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Left ventricular hypertrophy (enlarged left ventricle of the heart)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the ears:\n<ul>\n<li>Hearing loss (statistically higher risk for women)<\/li>\n<li>Tinnitus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Mental illnesses\/ diseases of the nervous system:\n<ul>\n<li>Erectile dysfunction<\/li>\n<li>Cerebral circulatory disorder<\/li>\n<li>Depression (there is a higher risk of developing depression if blood pressure therapy with calcium antagonists or beta-blockers has been used)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract:\n<ul>\n<li>Renal insufficiency<\/li>\n<li>Kidney failure<\/li>\n<li>Nephropathy with proteinuria (increased protein excretion)<span id='easy-footnote-26-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-26-24424' title='Secondary diseases hypertension, &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/www.gesundheits-lexikon.com\/Herz-Kreislauf-Gefaesse\/Bluthochdruck-Hypertonie\/Folgeerkrankungen.html&quot;&gt;gesundheits-lexikon.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 02.09.2022)'><sup>26<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-9 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-18 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">What influences blood pressure?<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><p>The level of blood pressure depends on both numerous physiological factors such as age, health status and gender, as well as external conditions, which are described in more detail below.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-19 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure during the course of the day<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><p>Blood pressure is subject to large fluctuations during the course of the day, also known as the circadian blood pressure rhythm. Even before waking up in the morning, blood pressure rises continuously, there is a brief low at midday, while it then rises again from 4-6 p.m. and drops again significantly during the night.<span id='easy-footnote-27-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-27-24424' title='fluctuations in blood pressure, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.herzstiftung.de\/ihre-herzgesundheit\/gesund-bleiben\/bluthochdruck\/blutdruckschwankungen&quot;&gt;herzstiftung.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 24.08.2022)'><sup>27<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Renal hypertension is often characterized by hypertension at night &#8211; and thus by a disturbed circadian rhythm.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, diabetes and hypertension (e.g. secondary forms of hypertension such as sleep apnoea) should also be considered when a disturbed circadian rhythm is detected. A large-scale meta-study showed that elevated blood pressure at night is a major risk factor for heart attack and stroke. They also concluded that blood pressure measurements taken during the day in hypertensive patients, for example in the doctor&#8217;s office, are less effective because night-time blood pressure is the most informative for the cardiovascular risk of the respective patient.<span id='easy-footnote-28-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-28-24424' title='Roush, George, et al. &amp;#8220;Prognostic impact of clinic, daytime, and nighttime systolic blood pressure in 9 cohorts of 13,843 patients with hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis.&amp;#8221; Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 8.4 (2014): e59.'><sup>28<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Another study with 18.078 participants also showed that the targeted intake of blood pressure-lowering medication before a night&#8217;s rest significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.<span id='easy-footnote-29-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-29-24424' title='Hermida, Ramon C., et al. &amp;#8220;Asleep blood pressure: significant prognostic marker of vascular risk and therapeutic target for prevention.&amp;#8221; European heart journal 39.47 (2018): 4159-4171.'><sup>29<\/sup><\/a><\/span> In contrast, too much lowering of blood pressure was observed in older people with silent reduced blood flow to the brain or heart.<span id='easy-footnote-30-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-30-24424' title='Antihypertensive chronotherapy: observance of the internal clock, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.aerzteblatt.de\/archiv\/194380\/Antihypertensive-Chronotherapie-Beachtung-der-inneren-Uhr&quot;&gt;www.aerzteblatt.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 24.08.2022)'><sup>30<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In addition, studies showed that lack of sleep or poor sleep quality can also increase blood pressure. The reasons for this are increased sympathetic activity and the release of cortisol in the adrenal glands.<span id='easy-footnote-31-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-31-24424' title='Bansil, Pooja, et al. &amp;#8220;Associations between sleep disorders, sleep duration, quality of sleep, and hypertension: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005 to 2008.&amp;#8221; The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 13.10 (2011): 739-743.'><sup>31<\/sup><\/a><\/span><span id='easy-footnote-32-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-32-24424' title='Mansukhani, Meghna P., Naima Covassin, and Virend K. Somers. &amp;#8220;Apneic sleep, insufficient sleep, and hypertension.&amp;#8221; Hypertension 73.4 (2019): 744-756.'><sup>32<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-20 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure in women and men<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><p>In the meantime, it is well known that illnesses can have different gender-specific courses. There are also differences in blood pressure between the male and female sexes: in general, it can be said that women&#8217;s blood pressure is lower than men&#8217;s until their menopause<span id='easy-footnote-33-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-33-24424' title=' On average, women are 51 years old at the beginning of their menopause.'><sup>33<\/sup><\/a><\/span> After the menopause, however, this changes. The evaluation of four cohort studies also showed that women had a 25% increased risk of cardiovascular diseases already at systolic blood pressure values of 100-109 mmHg (reference value: 100 mmHg), whereas this was only the case for men from 130-139 mmHg. In addition, the risk of stroke increased in women from a systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg, while the same risk increased in men from 150 mmHg. Whether there should now be gender-specific standard values remains to be discussed. However, the study shows how important gender-sensitive medicine really is.<span id='easy-footnote-34-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-34-24424' title='The end of unisex?, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.aerztezeitung.de\/Medizin\/Das-Ende-von-Unisex-Der-kleine-Unterschied-beim-Blutdruck-417430.html&quot;&gt;aerztezeitung.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 25.08.2022)'><sup>34<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-21 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure in babies and children<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><p>The following table shows the blood pressure values divided by age:<span id='easy-footnote-35-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-35-24424' title='&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.praktischarzt.de\/untersuchungen\/blutdruck-messen\/blutdruckwerte\/&quot;&gt;praktischarzt.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:24.08.2022)'><sup>35<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Age<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Blood pressure (mmHg)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Newborn<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">60 \/ 40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Infant<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">80 \/ 60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Toddler<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">95 \/ 60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Schoolchild<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">100 \/ 60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Adolescent<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">110 \/ 70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Adult<\/td>\n<td>120 \/ 70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Elderly people<\/td>\n<td>150 \/ 90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><p>In contrast to adults, there are no risk-adapted standard values for children, as these change with body growth. For this reason, they are defined in comparison to healthy control groups of the same size and age (percentile curves). If the blood pressure is above the 95th percentile, it is defined as &#8220;high blood pressure&#8221;.<span id='easy-footnote-36-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-36-24424' title='Simonetti, G. D., et al. &amp;#8220;Bluthochdruck beim Kind.&amp;#8221; Swiss Medical Forum. Vol. 10. No. 17. EMH Media, 2010.'><sup>36<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Higher than indicated blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem. If children are diagnosed with hypertension, they should be screened for cardiovascular or renal disease and diabetes mellitus. Effective treatments include weight loss (if overweight), a healthy diet low in salt, exercise and abstaining from alcohol and tobacco. The prevalence of hypertension in children aged 3-18 years is 3.6%.<span id='easy-footnote-37-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-37-24424' title='Riley, Margaret, and Brian Bluhm. &amp;#8220;High blood pressure in children and adolescents.&amp;#8221; American family physician 85.7 (2012): 693-700.'><sup>37<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The majority of children diagnosed with hypertension also suffer from high blood pressure as adults.<span id='easy-footnote-38-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-38-24424' title='Simonetti, G. D., et al. &amp;#8220;Bluthochdruck beim Kind.&amp;#8221; Swiss Medical Forum. Vol. 10. No. 17. EMH Media, 2010.'><sup>38<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-22 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure during pregnancy<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><p>Due to the hormonal changes, many bodily functions change during pregnancy. As a rule, blood pressure drops slightly, especially at the beginning of pregnancy, and the heart rate is increased. While low blood pressure does not normally pose any risks for the expectant mother and the child, too high blood pressure can be dangerous for both.<span id='easy-footnote-39-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-39-24424' title='Hypotension during pregnancy,&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.apotheken-umschau.de\/familie\/schwangerschaft\/beschwerden\/niedriger-blutdruck-in-der-schwangerschaft-794007.html#:~:text=W%C3%A4hrend%20der%20Schwangerschaft%20und%20der,Check%20bei%20der%20Schwangerenvorsorge%20dazu.&quot;&gt;apotheken-umschau.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 23.11.2022)'><sup>39<\/sup><\/a><\/span> A blood pressure of 140\/90 mmHg is set as the limit value.<\/p>\n<p>The following types of hypertension are distinguished in pregnancy (with frequency in percent in each case):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic hypertension: diagnosed before\/during pregnancy (3%)<span id='easy-footnote-40-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-40-24424' title='Embryotox, hypertension, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.embryotox.de\/erkrankungen\/details\/ansicht\/erkrankung\/hypertonie\/&quot;&gt;embryotox.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:24.11.2022)'><sup>40<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Pre-eclampsia: hypertension occurring during pregnancy with proteinuria (5-8%)<span id='easy-footnote-41-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-41-24424' title='&amp;gt;300mg\/24h; increased protein excretion in urine.'><sup>41<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Gestosis: pre-eclampsia in women with chronic hypertension (20-25%)<\/li>\n<li>Gestational hypertension: high blood pressure that manifests after the 20th week of pregnancy and normalizes by 12 weeks after birth (6%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Risk factors are considered to be general factors such as the presence of autoimmune or renal diseases, obesity, diabetes, older age or chronic hypertension. Multiple pregnancies, gestational diabetes and first births are also pregnancy-associated risk factors.<span id='easy-footnote-42-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-42-24424' title='Embryotox, hypertension, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.embryotox.de\/erkrankungen\/details\/ansicht\/erkrankung\/hypertonie\/&quot;&gt;embryotox.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved:24.11.2022)'><sup>42<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The pathophysiological cause of hypertension in pregnancy is disturbed placentation<span id='easy-footnote-43-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-43-24424' title='Maturation of the placenta.'><sup>43<\/sup><\/a><\/span>, which poses a risk to the fetus<\/p>\n<p>If preeclampsia is not treated in time, it can lead to placental abruption and\/or premature birth. A severe form of pre-eclampsia can also cause organ damage and seizures (eclampsia) in the pregnant woman.<span id='easy-footnote-44-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-44-24424' title='MSD Manual, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.msdmanuals.com\/de-de\/heim\/gesundheitsprobleme-von-frauen\/schwangerschaftskomplikationen\/pr%C3%A4eklampsie-und-eklampsie#:~:text=Eine%20Pr%C3%A4eklampsie%20kann%20zu%20einer,oder%20F%C3%BC%C3%9Fe%20der%20Frau%20an.&quot;&gt;msdmanuals.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 24.11.2022)'><sup>44<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Since high blood pressure during pregnancy poses a great risk to the mother-to-be and the fetus, blood pressure should be checked regularly.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-23 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure in old age<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><p>The risk of developing hypertension increases with age because the elasticity of the blood vessels continues to decrease. For this reason, three out of four people between the ages of 70 and 85 are hypertensive. In addition to the loss of elasticity, lifestyle habits in particular also seem to be causative for high blood pressure, as studies show that in indigenous people blood pressure remains constant even in old age.<span id='easy-footnote-45-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-45-24424' title='Blood pressure in old age &amp;#8211; what can help? &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.tk.de\/techniker\/gesundheit-und-medizin\/behandlungen-und-medizin\/herz-kreislauf-erkrankungen\/bluthochdruck-im-alter-2015802&quot;&gt;tk.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 28.08.2022)'><sup>45<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Treating blood pressure is essential, however, because high blood pressure in old age is also associated with an increased mortality risk. Attempts are made to adjust the systolic blood pressure to below 140 mmHg. Scientists from Ulm examined 1,100 participants and found out that the mortality risk is strongly influenced by the frailty<span id='easy-footnote-46-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-46-24424' title='Decrease in physical fitness; associated with increased risk of falls.'><sup>46<\/sup><\/a><\/span> of the test persons. While the optimal blood pressure in the fitter elderly subjects was 130 mmHg (related to mortality risk), it was surprisingly 160 mmHg in the very frail elderly. This study thus shows the importance of individual adjustment of blood pressure and that physical and mental fitness should be included in the treatment of hypertension.<span id='easy-footnote-47-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-47-24424' title='Blood pressure in old age &amp;#8211; the main thing is to get it down? &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.doccheck.com\/de\/detail\/articles\/37181-blutdruck-im-alter-hauptsache-runter&quot;&gt;doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 29.08.2022)'><sup>47<\/sup><\/a><\/span><span id='easy-footnote-48-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-48-24424' title='Kremer, Kaj-Marko, et al. &amp;#8220;Systolic blood pressure and mortality in community-dwelling older adults: frailty as an effect modifier.&amp;#8221; Hypertension 79.1 (2022): 24-32.'><sup>48<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-24 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure during physical exercise<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><p>Blood pressure is generally higher during physical exertion, stressful situations or nervous strain. Under physical stress, the systolic blood pressure rises because the stroke volume of the heart increases &#8211; the diastolic blood pressure, on the other hand, remains approximately the same. However, the diastolic blood pressure also rises during maximum exercise. The reason for this is that maximum exercise leads to isometric muscle contraction and, as a result, peripheral vascular resistance increases sharply.<span id='easy-footnote-49-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-49-24424' title='Stress blood pressure, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.hypertoniezentrum.de\/belastungsblutdruck&quot;&gt;hypertoniezentrum.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 29.08.2022)'><sup>49<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>However it is well known that physical activity can lower blood pressure in the long term: while it lowers the sympathetic tone, the vagus tone increases at rest. This lowers the heart rate and dilates the arterial blood vessels. For every kilogram of body weight lost, systolic blood pressure decreases by 1.5-2.0 mmHg and diastolic by 1.2-1.5 mmHg diastolic. Up to 160 mmHg (systolic), blood pressure can be normalized with three times a week exercise to a similar extent as with medication. If the blood pressure is above 160 mmHg, it must first be adjusted with medication to avoid dangerous blood pressure peaks. This is because high blood pressure can be seen as an important risk factor for sudden cardiac death during physical activity. Another study showed that every third person who died from sudden cardiac death was hypertensive. While a few years ago, low-intensity sports such as cycling, jogging or swimming were recommended and strength training was discouraged, more recent studies have shown positive effects on lowering blood pressure through strength training.<\/p>\n<p>However, it is important to know that in the short term, high blood pressure first increases. The important thing here is that certain limits must not be exceeded. The appropriate choice of sport is also important, as certain types of sport trigger blood pressure spikes even in people with normal blood pressure levels. Studies show that regular exercise can greatly reduce the cardiovascular mortality risk in hypertensive patients.<span id='easy-footnote-50-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-50-24424' title='Sport for hypertensive patients? &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.aerztezeitung.de\/Medizin\/Sport-fuer-Hypertoniker-Ja-aber-die-Tuecke-liegt-im-Detail-335195.html&quot;&gt;aerztezeitung.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 29.08.2022)'><sup>50<\/sup><\/a><\/span> A prospective cohort study over 25 years concluded that the cardiovascular mortality rate was 70% lower in subjects with hypertension who were active in sports than in the control group who were inactive in sports.<span id='easy-footnote-51-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-51-24424' title='Engstr\u00f6m, Gunnar, Bo Hedblad, and Lars Janzon. &amp;#8220;Hypertensive men who exercise regularly have lower rate of cardiovascular mortality.&amp;#8221; Journal of hypertension 17.6 (1999): 737-742.'><sup>51<\/sup><\/a><\/span> Blood pressure is generally higher during physical exertion, stressful situations or nervous strain. Under physical stress, systolic blood pressure rises because the stroke volume of the heart increases &#8211; diastolic blood pressure, on the other hand, remains approximately the same. Under maximum stress, however, this also rises.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-21 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-25 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Other influences on blood pressure<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-26 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure after a meal<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\"><p>After a meal, on the other hand, blood pressure is somewhat lower. The reason for this is that the human body is busy digesting and the digestive organs are therefore supplied with more blood. The blood volume of the body therefore decreases somewhat and so does the blood pressure. In order to avoid false results, blood pressure should not be measured immediately after a meal.<span id='easy-footnote-52-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-52-24424' title='Blood pressure data, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.blutdruckdaten.de\/lexikon\/fehler-beim-blutdruckmessen.html&quot;&gt;blutdruckdaten.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 29.08.2022)'><sup>52<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>However, if the blood pressure drops sharply after a meal, this is called postprandial hypotension. This can result in dizziness, lightheadedness and an increased risk of falling. It usually affects older people with high blood pressure or people who have damaged a center in the brain that controls the autonomic nervous system &#8211; i.e. in diseases such as Parkinson&#8217;s, Shy-Drager syndrome or diabetes. The reason for this is that blood pressure during digestion cannot be maintained by the blood vessels in other parts of the body. Eating small meals that are low in carbohydrates can help.<span id='easy-footnote-53-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-53-24424' title='Postprandial hypotensio, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.msdmanuals.com\/de-de\/heim\/herz-und-gef%C3%A4%C3%9Fkrankheiten\/symptome-von-erkrankungen-des-herzens-und-der-blutgef%C3%A4%C3%9Fe\/postprandiale-hypotonie&quot;&gt;msdmanuals.com&lt;\/a&gt;(retrieved: 29.08.2022)'><sup>53<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-27 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure and weather<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\"><p>It is often mistakenly assumed that high temperatures can lead to high blood pressure. In fact, the opposite is true: the high temperatures cause dilatation of the vessels and thus blood pressure drops. While hypotension is not dangerous for healthy people, it can cause serious problems for pregnant women and elderly people, as the supply of vital organs or the care of the child can no longer be guaranteed. If, on the other hand, the temperature drops, this becomes a problem, especially for hypertensive patients. The drop in temperature causes the vessels to contract further and the blood pressure rises, as a higher resistance has to be overcome.<span id='easy-footnote-54-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-54-24424' title='When the weather weighs you down, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.deutsche-apotheker-zeitung.de\/daz-az\/2018\/daz-22-2018\/wenn-das-wetter-einen-belastet&quot;&gt;deutsche-apotheker-zeitung.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 01.09.2022)'><sup>54<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-28 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure and coffee<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\"><p>Caffeinated drinks should not be consumed before a blood pressure measurement, as they can increase blood pressure by 10-20 mmHg in the short term. A higher increase in blood pressure after coffee consumption can be observed especially in people who drink coffee only occasionally &#8211; but with more frequent caffeine consumption, a habituation effect sets in.<span id='easy-footnote-55-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-55-24424' title='Coffee and blood pressure: how many cups can I drink?, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.herzstiftung.de\/ihre-herzgesundheit\/gesund-bleiben\/bluthochdruck\/kaffee-und-blutdruck#:~:text=Kaffee%3A%20Blutdruck%20steigt%20kurz%20nach%20dem%20Genuss&amp;amp;text=Der%20Pflanzenstoff%20regt%20das%20Herz,mmHg%20f%C3%BChren%20(Millimeter%20Quecksilbers%C3%A4ule).&quot;&gt;herzstiftung.de&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 29.08.2022)'><sup>55<\/sup><\/a><\/span> The question of whether the consumption of caffeinated beverages increases blood pressure is controversial. A systematic review and meta-analysis (n=172,567) concluded that drinking more than three cups of coffee a day compared to one cup or less was not associated with an increased risk of hypertension. However, a slightly increased risk was found with consumption of 1-3 cups daily.<span id='easy-footnote-56-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-56-24424' title='Zhang, Zhenzhen, et al. &amp;#8220;Habitual coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.&amp;#8221; The American journal of clinical nutrition 93.6 (2011): 1212-1219.'><sup>56<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-29 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure while lying down<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\"><p>When lying down, blood pressure is 3-10 mmHg higher than when sitting. For this reason, it is recommended that healthy, mobile people always take their blood pressure in a sitting position so as not to falsify the measurement results.<span id='easy-footnote-57-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-57-24424' title='Blutdruck messen, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.apotheken.de\/news\/12687-blutdruck-messen-aber-richtig#:~:text=Besonders%20wichtig%20ist%20beim%20Blutdruckmessen,Herz%20auf%20gleicher%20Ebene%20befinden.&quot;&gt;apotheken.de&lt;\/a&gt; (Abruf: 01.09.2022)'><sup>57<\/sup><\/a><\/span> However, in addition to the level of blood pressure, its stability is also of great importance. A study from 2006 showed that people with similar blood pressure levels when standing and lying down had twice the mortality rate of those whose blood pressure dropped significantly from lying to standing. In conclusion, unstable blood pressure can be regarded as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.<span id='easy-footnote-58-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-58-24424' title='Rose, Kathryn M., et al. &amp;#8220;Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study.&amp;#8221; Circulation 114.7 (2006): 630-636.'><sup>58<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-30 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure and pulse<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\"><p>The HARVEST study found that 15% of hypertension patients had a heart rate over 85 beats and 27% had a heart rate over 80 beats per minute. In addition, a high heart rate was shown to be a risk factor for developing hypertension during the course of the study.<span id='easy-footnote-59-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-59-24424' title='Palatini, Paolo, et al. &amp;#8220;Heart rate as a predictor of development of sustained hypertension in subjects screened for stage 1 hypertension: the HARVEST Study.&amp;#8221; Journal of hypertension 24.9 (2006): 1873-1880.'><sup>59<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Heart rate variability (HRV), the variation in the time interval between two heartbeats, was also lower in hypertensives than in people with normal blood pressure levels. In addition, the likelihood of developing hypertension was higher when baseline HRV was lower than reference baseline.<span id='easy-footnote-60-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-60-24424' title='Singh, Jagmeet P., et al. &amp;#8220;Reduced heart rate variability and new-onset hypertension: insights into pathogenesis of hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study.&amp;#8221; Hypertension 32.2 (1998): 293-297.'><sup>60<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In contrast, some hypertensives have a consistently low resting heart rate. The so-called &#8220;baroreceptor reflex&#8221; is responsible for this: if the blood pressure rises, the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated via the vagus nerve, the sympathetic nervous system is inhibited and thus the heart rate is lowered due to the negative chronotropic effect. If, on the other hand, the blood pressure drops, the parasympathetic nervous system is inhibited and thus the heart rate is increased.<span id='easy-footnote-61-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-61-24424' title='Baroreceptorreflex, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/flexikon.doccheck.com\/de\/Barorezeptorreflex&quot;&gt;flexikon.doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt; (retrieved: 01.09.2022)'><sup>61<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-10 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-22 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-31 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">Measuring blood pressure<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\"><p>Since blood pressure is an important vital parameter for assessing the current state of health, it should be checked regularly. There are different types of blood pressure measurement available for this purpose.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-23 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-32 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Why measuring blood pressure is important<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\"><p>Regular and continuous blood pressure measurement is crucial because high blood pressure often has no symptoms. By detecting elevated levels early, appropriate therapeutic measures can be initiated to avoid serious cardiovascular complications such as heart attacks and strokes. In addition, continuous monitoring enables the effectiveness of therapy to be monitored so that medications and lifestyle changes can be adjusted. Recording blood pressure variability over the course of the day also helps to prevent phenomena such as the \u201cwhite coat effect\u201d or \u201cmasked hypertension\u201d<span id='easy-footnote-62-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-62-24424' title='High pressure league: High blood pressure is not a trivial illness, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.hochdruckliga.de\/pressemitteilung\/bluthochdruck-ist-keine-bagatellerkrankung-besonders-tueckisch-die-maskierte-hypertonie-neue-broschuere-informiert&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.hochdruckliga.de\/pressemitteilung\/bluthochdruck-ist-keine-bagatellerkrankung-besonders-tueckisch-die-maskierte-hypertonie-neue-broschuere-informiert&lt;\/a&gt; (last accessed: February 28, 2025)'><sup>62<\/sup><\/a><\/span>. to identify what contributes to sustainably improved cardiovascular health overall.<span id='easy-footnote-63-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-63-24424' title='German Heart Foundation: Measuring blood pressure: This is how you get reliable values &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/herzstiftung.de\/ihre-herzgesundheit\/gesund-bleiben\/bluthochdruck\/blutdruck-messen&quot;&gt;https:\/\/herzstiftung.de\/ihre-herzgesundheit\/gesund-bleiben\/bluthochdruck\/blutdruck-messen&lt;\/a&gt; (last accessed: February 28, 2025)'><sup>63<\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span id='easy-footnote-64-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-64-24424' title='High pressure league: Too variable in the long run &amp;#8211; study discussion. &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.hochdruckliga.de\/nachricht\/studienbesprechung-20230215&quot;&gt;https:\/\/www.hochdruckliga.de\/nachricht\/studienbesprechung-20230215&lt;\/a&gt; (last accessed: February 28, 2025)'><sup>64<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In emergency medicine, blood pressure measurement provides one of the most important pieces of information about a patient&#8217;s current circulatory condition. It makes it possible to quickly detect deviations from normal values \u200b\u200bthat can indicate life-threatening conditions such as shock or sepsis. A blood pressure that is too low often signals circulatory collapse, while a value that is too high can indicate acute cardiovascular stress. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure in emergency medicine usually takes place invasively (hemodynamic monitoring via the artery or blood pressure measurement).<span id='easy-footnote-65-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-65-24424' title='J\u00fcrgen Knapp, Michael Grabowski, Lorenz Weidhase, Michael Bernhard: Invasive blood pressure measurement \u2013 \u200b\u200bstep by step. Cardiology up2date 2018; 14(04): 296-303 &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.thieme-connect.com\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-0770-3407.pdf&quot;&gt;DOI: 10.1055\/a-0770-3407&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>65<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-24 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-33 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">How is blood pressure measured?<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-34\"><p>For measuring blood pressure &#8211; depending on the situation and requirements &#8211; different methods available.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-34 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Indirect blood pressure measurement according to Riva-Rocci<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"773\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"Graphical representation of indirect blood pressure measurement using the Riva-Rocci sphygmomanometer: curves show cuff pressure, Korotkoff sounds, and systolic\/diastolic values.\" title=\"COS-Illu-Indirect_blood_pressure_measurement-Riva-Rocci_ Sphygmomanometer_DE_XXXX_V01\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS-Illu-Indirect_blood_pressure_measurement-Riva-Rocci_-Sphygmomanometer_DE_XXXX_V01-773x1024.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-24592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS-Illu-Indirect_blood_pressure_measurement-Riva-Rocci_-Sphygmomanometer_DE_XXXX_V01-200x265.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS-Illu-Indirect_blood_pressure_measurement-Riva-Rocci_-Sphygmomanometer_DE_XXXX_V01-400x530.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS-Illu-Indirect_blood_pressure_measurement-Riva-Rocci_-Sphygmomanometer_DE_XXXX_V01-600x795.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS-Illu-Indirect_blood_pressure_measurement-Riva-Rocci_-Sphygmomanometer_DE_XXXX_V01-800x1060.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/COS-Illu-Indirect_blood_pressure_measurement-Riva-Rocci_-Sphygmomanometer_DE_XXXX_V01-1200x1590.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:4%;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-35\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><em>Fig 2.: Scheme for indirect, bloodless measurement of arterial blood pressure according to Riva-Rocci. Above the arterial blood pressure and the gradually decreasing cuff pressure, below the Korotkow sounds audible in the red area above the brachial artery. Below, sketch of the measurement arrangement.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-36\"><p>Indirect blood pressure measurement according to Riva-Rocci uses either a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm and a stethoscope or an electronic blood pressure monitor (oscillometric blood pressure measurement<span id='easy-footnote-66-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-66-24424' title='Calculation of blood pressure by measuring the vibrations of the blood.'><sup>66<\/sup><\/a><\/span>). Although these applications are somewhat less accurate than direct blood pressure measurement, i.e. the insertion of a measuring probe into the artery, they are used more frequently in everyday clinical practice because of their practicability.<\/p>\n<p>The blood pressure cuff is applied to the upper arm, the valve must be closed beforehand. The stethoscope is placed in the crook of the elbow, it is pumped up quickly until the radial pulse is no longer visible.<\/p>\n<p>Next, the valve is opened and the air is allowed to escape slowly. While the beginning of the sound represents the systolic value, the diastolic value is displayed when the sound disappears.<\/p>\n<p>The principle of indirect blood pressure measurement works as follows: By compressing with a cuff, the blood flow in the brachial artery<span id='easy-footnote-67-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-67-24424' title='Brachial artery: large arterial blood vessel in the region of the upper arm'><sup>67<\/sup><\/a><\/span> is stopped until the pressure of the cuff is greater than the systolic blood pressure and no flow noise can be heard. Air can escape through the valve opening. When the pressures of the cuff and the systolic blood pressure are equal, the blood can flow through the artery again. However, the blood does not flow continuously because the diastolic blood pressure is still lower than the cuff pressure. This results in a rhythmic alternation between blood flow (systole) and no blood flow (diastole). This alternation is the cause of the typical pulse-synchronous flow noises, also called Korotkoff noises. The cuff pressure continues to drop, while the valve remains open. If the values are lower than the diastolic blood pressure, no more flow noises are heard because the brachial artery remains open.<span id='easy-footnote-68-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-68-24424' title='Blutdruckmessung, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/flexikon.doccheck.com\/de\/Blutdruckmessung&quot;&gt;flexikon.doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt; (Abruf: 01.09.2022)'><sup>68<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-35 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Invasive blood pressure measurement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-37\"><p>For continuous and precise blood pressure measurement, an invasive method is usually used, which is considered the current gold standard. A sensor is inserted directly into an artery via an arterial access. This allows the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure as well as the arterial pressure curve to be recorded in real time.<br \/>\nDespite the high accuracy, this method also has disadvantages: complications are rare, but can include bleeding, hematomas or thrombosis. In addition, the arterial catheter must be inserted &#8211; even in emergencies &#8211; under sterile conditions to avoid infections.<span id='easy-footnote-69-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-69-24424' title='J\u00fcrgen Knapp, Michael Grabowski, Lorenz Weidhase, Michael Bernhard: Invasive blood pressure measurement \u2013 \u200b\u200bstep by step. Cardiology up2date 2018; 14(04): 296-303 &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.thieme-connect.com\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-0770-3407.pdf&quot;&gt;DOI: 10.1055\/a-0770-3407&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>69<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-25 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-36 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Where is blood pressure measured?<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-38\"><p>Normally, blood pressure is always measured on the same upper arm, at the wrist or in the ear canal, preferably while sitting. When measuring on the upper arm, the cuff must always be placed at heart level.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-26 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-37 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Influences on the measurement<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-39\"><p>It is important that the blood pressure measurement is always taken under the same starting conditions.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To avoid measurement errors, a few things should be considered in advance:<br \/>\nThe blood pressure measurement should always be taken at the same time, as blood pressure is subject to diurnal fluctuations.<span id='easy-footnote-70-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-70-24424' title='Gerloff, J. (1993). Blutdruckmessung. In: Paquet, KJ., Dieckh\u00f6fer, K. (eds) Allgemeine physikalische und klinische Untersuchungen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/Gerloff, J. (1993). Blutdruckmessung. In: Paquet, KJ., Dieckh\u00f6fer, K. (eds) Allgemeine physikalische und klinische Untersuchungen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-77398-3_8, pp 147-149.&quot;&gt;doi.org&lt;\/a&gt;'><sup>70<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Physical (e.g. pain) and\/or emotional stress can strongly influence the blood pressure.<\/li>\n<li>Noise sources should be minimized and there should be no talking during the measurement.<\/li>\n<li>The size of the cuff should be appropriate for the patient&#8217;s upper arm circumference.<\/li>\n<li>Tight, constricting clothing should not be worn on the day of the measurement.<span id='easy-footnote-71-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-71-24424' title='Blutdruckmessung, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/flexikon.doccheck.com\/de\/Blutdruckmessung&quot;&gt;flexikon.doccheck.com&lt;\/a&gt; (Abruf: 01.09.2022)'><sup>71<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Caffeine and nicotine consumption can falsify the measurement results.<\/li>\n<li>Antihypertensive medication should not be taken until after the blood pressure measurement.<\/li>\n<li>The patient should not move and the feet should be placed side by side on the floor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is also important to note that the values measured in a doctor&#8217;s office are not always medically correct. One reason for this can be so-called white coat hypertension. Since the patient is excited when visiting the doctor, the blood pressure values are often higher than when measured at home.<span id='easy-footnote-72-24424' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/measured-data\/vital-signs\/blood-pressure\/#easy-footnote-bottom-72-24424' title='Blutdruckmessung, &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.tk.de\/techniker\/gesundheit-und-medizin\/behandlungen-und-medizin\/herz-kreislauf-erkrankungen\/blutdruck-messen-so-geht-es-2015794&quot;&gt;tk.de&lt;\/a&gt; (Abruf: 02.09.2022)'><sup>72<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-11 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-27 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-38 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:30;line-height:1.5;\">Blood pressure based on PPG<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-40\"><p>Blood pressure can be potentially derived in a reliable way from the ear canal using the non-invasive, optical measurement technology, photoplethysmography (PPG). For this, a very stable PPG signal is needed which can be recorded e.g. inside the ear canal. Using the high resolution PPG curves, individual pulse waves and pulse wave characteristics can be extracted which are the basis for blood pressure calculations. It is important to know: The better the PPG signal, the more reliable blood pressure calculations can be done.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-alert alert general alert-info fusion-alert-left awb-alert-native-link-color\" role=\"alert\"><div class=\"fusion-alert-content-wrapper\"><span class=\"alert-icon\"><i class=\"awb-icon-info-circle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-alert-content\">&gt; Learn more about blood pressure measurement based on PPG: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/vision\/blood-pressure-measurement\/\">Blood pressure measurement<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-12 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-28 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-alert alert custom alert-custom fusion-alert-left fusion-alert-capitalize awb-alert-native-link-color alert-dismissable awb-alert-close-boxed\" style=\"--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-accent-color:#808080;--awb-border-top-left-radius:0px;--awb-border-top-right-radius:0px;--awb-border-bottom-left-radius:0px;--awb-border-bottom-right-radius:0px;\" role=\"alert\"><div class=\"fusion-alert-content-wrapper\"><span class=\"alert-icon\"><i class=\"fa-exclamation-circle fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-alert-content\">The information provided here is not a substitute for professional advice or treatment by trained physicians and should not be used for independent diagnosis or treatment.<\/span><\/div><button style=\"color:#808080;border-color:#808080;\" type=\"button\" class=\"close toggle-alert\" data-dismiss=\"alert\" aria-label=\"Close\">&times;<\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-13 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-29 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-39 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-three\"><h3 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">Author and reference information<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-40 sep-underline sep-solid fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><h4 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:20;--minFontSize:20;line-height:1.5;\">About the authors<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-41\"><table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 24px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.79896%; height: 24px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/johannes_v-150x150.jpg\" width=\"72\" height=\"72\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.201%; height: 24px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/author\/johannes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr.-Ing. Johannes Kreuzer<\/a> is co-founder and managing director of cosinuss\u00b0. He studied electrical engineering with a focus on medical electronics at TUM (Technical University of Munich, Germany).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-42\"><table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 24px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 7.79896%; height: 24px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/COS-Mitarbeiter_Melanie-Schade-2-150x150.jpg\" width=\"72\" height=\"72\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.201%; height: 24px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cosinuss.com\/en\/author\/melanie-schade\/\"> Melanie Schade<\/a> &#8211; M.A. Communication Studies and online marketing expert with a focus on health and science communication.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<div class=\"shariff shariff-align-flex-start shariff-widget-align-flex-start\" style=\"display:none\"><div class=\"ShariffHeadline\">Share this post! \/ Teile diesen Beitrag!<\/div><ul class=\"shariff-buttons theme-grey orientation-horizontal buttonsize-small\"><li class=\"shariff-button facebook shariff-nocustomcolor\" style=\"background-color:#4273c8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosinuss.com%2Fen%2Fmeasured-data%2Fvital-signs%2Fblood-pressure%2F\" title=\"Share on Facebook\" aria-label=\"Share on Facebook\" role=\"button\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"shariff-link\" style=\"; 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